Instrumentation
- Analog signals 4–20 mA, 0–20 mA, 0–10 V
- Scaling and RAW values (Siemens 0…27648)
- RTD and Pt100 sensors
- Thermocouples: types, cold junction, cables
- Pressure, level and flow measurement for automation engineers
- Discrete sensors: PNP/NPN, NO/NC, 2-, 3- and 4-wire
- Loop check — from field instrument to operator screen
- Encoders: incremental and absolute